Sep 17, 2026 · cs.AIJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Yukun Zhang, Kemu Xu, Yishen Chen
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China · University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom · The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Agent harnesses supply planning guidance, organize execution, and check completion. We study how these components affect success, erroneous acceptance, and cost in two Retail experiments and an Airline pilot in
τ2-bench. The primary comparison pairs prewritten task-specific plans (Fixed) with shuffled policy text matched in word count (Sham), isolating the contribution of guidance content. Across 265 matched cells, Fixed improves oracle-verified success by 7.17 percentage points (90% task-clustered bootstrap interval, 1.15--13.36 points), with gains concentrated in higher-complexity tasks. A read-only terminal verifier rejects 61% of Retail oracle-invalid episodes while withholding 17% of correct ones, at less than one cent of additional cost per episode. Which component matters more depends on the loss assigned to erroneous acceptance: at low liability the planning gain dominates; at high liability the verifier's avoided false passes dominate---and a standalone verifier captures nearly all the false-pass benefit of the full planning-plus-verification stack at a fraction of its cost.